![statistics guide for graphpad prism 8 statistics guide for graphpad prism 8](https://cdn.graphpad.com/assets/0.62.0/images/srcset/home-screenshot-moreaccurate-w2100-800.png)
![statistics guide for graphpad prism 8 statistics guide for graphpad prism 8](https://cdn.graphpad.com/assets/0.62.0/images/srcset/prism-collaborate-w1186-800.png)
The active ingredients of Taxus yunnanensis were extracted from dried woodchips in 60% ethanol for 2 days. Preparation for extract of Taxus yunnanensis This machinery is of great interest from the viewpoint of tumor immunology and cancer prevention because of the minor effects on healthy cells. Consequently, the extract induced apoptosis via the activation of caspase-8 only in cancer cells through an extrinsic pathway by increasing the expression of such death factors/receptors. In addition, death factors/receptors, such as FasL/Fas and TRAIL/DR5, were negatively regulated by E2F3 after treatment in human colon cancer DLD-1 cells. In this study, the constituents of the extract upregulated MIR34a, which silenced the transcription factor E2F3. Many phytochemicals have promise in regulating DNA methylation and histone modification in carcinogenesis 6, 7, 8, suggesting the use of dietary-based phytochemicals as potent and effective chemopreventive medicines. Due to their significant roles in cell physiology, alterations in expression levels are directly related to cancer progression. MiRNAs control numerous biological processes such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell differentiation. It has been reported that phytochemicals affect epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, and histone modifications in addition to the regulation of the expression of non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) for the prevention of cancer 6, 7, 8. In the present study, we demonstrated that the apoptosis induced by the wood extract is mainly through an extrinsic pathway induced by the greater upregulation of MIR34a silencing E2F2 (MIR34a/E2F axis). In death-receptor mediated apoptosis of extrinsic pathway, two types of the pathways have been defined: to be independent of mitochondria, called Type I and mitochondria dependent, called Type II. Extrinsic pathways involve two pathways, death-receptor or non-death-receptor mediated signal. The intrinsic signaling pathways that initiate apoptosis through non-receptor-mediated stimuli that produce intracellular signals and are mitochondrial-initiated events. On the other hand, apoptosis can be initiated through one of two pathways: intrinsic pathway and extrinsic pathway. Cancer cells enter the cell cycle and progress by being stimulated by certain growth factors.
![statistics guide for graphpad prism 8 statistics guide for graphpad prism 8](https://images.g2crowd.com/uploads/product/image/social_landscape/social_landscape_52e37f0a6d5c743165ff980b25f27f63/graphpad-prism.png)
Although the pathways of cell growth and apoptosis have been extensively investigated, it is still unclear how growth inhibition and apoptosis are regulated. This difference in anti-proliferative activity is due to differences in the constituents between the bark and wood. However, the wood extract exerted minor effects on normal cells, but it induced apoptosis mostly in cancer cells 5. The activity of most diterpenoids from bark is markedly high and toxic to healthy cells 5. As a result, more than 350 taxane diterpenoids have been found from the bark of Taxus plants 2, 3, 4. Since the discovery of paclitaxel in 1971 1, much effort has been devoted to isolate new taxane diterpenes with similar anticancer activity. On the other hand, paclitaxel is a potent anticancer drug that was initially isolated from the bark of Taxus brevifolia 1. Chemical studies of the constituents and their functions, such as anti-rheumatic effects, have been reported 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Currently, around 23,000 people in Japan are taking it for healthcare.
![statistics guide for graphpad prism 8 statistics guide for graphpad prism 8](https://cdn.graphpad.com/assets/0.62.0/images/srcset/prism-xy-w1224-800.png)
The extract of Taxus yunnanensis wood has been used in traditional Chinese medicine by people in Yunnan Province for treatment of the kidneys, diabetic ailments and other diseases. The extract may also aid in chemoprevention by selectively making marked tumor cells susceptible to the tumor immunosurveillance system. In vivo, TY showed significant anti-tumor effects on xenografted and syngeneic model mice. Thus, the extract activated the extrinsic pathway through the MIR34a/E2F3 axis, resulting in the autocrine and paracrine release of TRAIL, and upregulated expression of death receptors Fas and DR5 in the treated DLD-1 cells, which were functionally validated by Fas immunocytochemistry, and using anti-Fas and anti-TRAIL antibodies, respectively. Furthermore, ectopic expression of MIR32a or siR-E2F3 silencing E2F3 increased Fas and TRAIL/DR5 expression. Of note, the machinery of this increase in expression was promoted by the upregulation of MIR32a expression, which silenced MIR34a-targeting E2F3 transcription factor. The extrinsic pathway was activated by the upregulation of the expression levels of Fas and TRAIL/DR5, which led to the activation of caspase-8. The ethanol extract from the wood of Taxus Yunnanensis (TY) induced apoptosis in all cancer cell lines tested, which was mainly due to activation of an extrinsic pathway in human colon cancer DLD-1 cells.